Memory and Dementia 

Introduction 

• Where on earth did I put my keys? You haven't taken them, have you?  

• What am I doing in this room? I came here for something - whatever was it?  

• We're going to the - er - the -what's its name -  

• Well, I'm sorry I didn't pass on Pam's message: usually you say I keep repeating myself!  

• The reason I didn't introduce you was because at that moment I couldn't remember his damned name. Well, actually he was the club secretary - I've known him for 12 years. 

• No, I don't read novels any more. I have to keep going back over the story to remember what was happening!  

• Yes, it was a lovely evening. Now - where, oh where, did I leave the car?  

It's normal to forget

We all forget. Our memories are remarkable - faster than the most advanced computer - but we still forget things. We usually forget those things we don't really need to remember. What were you doing at exactly this time last year? or last month? or last week? Unless those were very special days, like Christmas or anniversaries, you probably won't remember. If you go back as far as your childhood, you can certainly remember some things, but only a few. You may remember your first day at primary school and your 7th birthday, but not every day at school or all the other birthdays. We often don't bother to remember things when the information is usually to hand. For example, what's the date today? Most people look at their newspaper or watch. We even forget some of the things we really need to remember. Most of us have spent frustrating minutes (or hours!) searching for our keys, documents or a vital tool. It's normal to forget. 

Most of the time we can live comfortably with our limitations, including the fact that we forget. We accept that we can't usually see things clearly a mile away, hear the movements of insects, or lift a car. We don't mind that we can't remember every detail of our past life. But as we grow older, the time comes when we start to forget more than we used to. This is annoying, but can also make us worry. 

Even so, if we suddenly can't remember something, we don't start by worrying about it. We sort out the problem at hand, such as finding those keys or that purse. However, if this starts to happen regularly, we may start to worry about what it could mean for the future. Could it, for instance, be the start of Alzheimer's disease? 

Obviously, if we are worrying about our memory, it could be that our memory is actually getting worse. On the other hand, we could just be worried and latching onto our memory as something to worry about. This is one of many problems that may affect our memory. 

Common problems

Depression

When we are depressed, we tend to see only the bad things about ourselves and the world. We may condemn ourselves unfairly for relatively unimportant human failings. We tend to withdraw into ourselves and may not notice what is going on around us. So, we may not remember things because we didn't notice them in the first place. 

People who are depressed may also become agitated and this will make it hard to concentrate. If the depression is particularly bad, our thinking may actually slow down (retardation). Both agitation and retardation make it difficult for depressed people to remember as well as they normally would. Sometimes the memory problems caused by depression will show up on tests. They can be so bad that other people may actually think that the sufferer has dementia - this is known as 'pseudo-dementia'. 

In spite of this, depressed people are usually no more than normally forgetful. However, older depressed people often think they are 'going senile'. In fact, older people who complain to their doctors of bad memory are much more likely to be suffering from depression than dementia. 

Anxiety

If we are very anxious or worried, we may not be able to concentrate. We may panic when we really need to remember something. This often happens in exams or interviews. Anxiety can affect memory at any age. 

Age

Most of our powers weaken as we get older, and memory is no exception. This makes it harder to learn new skills in later life, although not impossible. Many people over 65 don't let this put them off, and are able to finish university courses. However, many older people do gradually find it harder to remember. This is called Age Associated Memory Impairment (AAMI). 

The main problem seems to be that, the older we are, the longer it takes us to get the information from our memory when we need it. This may be partly because we have more memories than we did when we were young. It may be like looking for a book in a library. It is easier to find a book on a single shelf than if it is hidden somewhere in the middle of hundreds of others in a large bookcase. Another common problem is difficulty in putting a name to a face. This affects most of us, to some degree, from around the age of 50. Another problem can crop up when we remember that something happened, but do not know when it did. Ordinary memory tests may not demonstrate 'AAMI', but it may be uncovered by tests which measure the time taken to give a correct answer. 

Other psychological factors

Boredom, tiredness or sleepiness can also make it hard to remember. 

Physical health

Memory may be affected by poor hearing and sight, alcohol and tranquillisers, chronic pain, and head injuries. It may also be affected by a number of medical conditions, such as: 

An under-active thyroid gland - this slows the whole body, including the brain. 

Severe heart or lung disease - these starve the brain of oxygen. 

Diabetes - this produces a high level of sugar in the blood, while insulin, a treatment for diabetes, can make it dangerously low. Both high and low levels of sugar interfere with the way the brain works. 

Infections of the body (like pneumonia in an old person or a child) or the brain (like meningitis and encephalitis) can also cause memory problems.

Dementia

This is the most serious cause of memory problems. It affects very few people under the age of 65. 

Dementia mainly affects older people. After the age of 65, the risk of developing it doubles every 5 years. Over the age of 80, about one in five people suffer from some degree of dementia. Having said this, it's important to remember that four out of five people over the age of 80 are not suffering from dementia. There are several causes, but the commonest is Alzheimer's disease.

As well as the forgetfulness, several other problems may occur: 

• difficulty in finding the right words. At its worse, the sufferer's speech will become completely incomprehensible. It works both ways - he or she will no longer be able to understand other people's writing or speech

• difficulty with skills learnt early in life, like dressing and using a knife and fork

• failure of intelligence, judgement and logic (e.g. giving one's mother's age as the same as one's own, saying it is summer when it is snowing)

• personality change: becoming irritable, withdrawn, rude, scruffy, idle, uninterested

• suspiciousness

• anxiety and depression (arising from the sense of 'losing one's mind')

• refusing to accept that something is wrong, even though it is so obvious to others. This may mean that the sufferer refuses the help they clearly need

• uncharacteristic behaviour, including reluctance to wash or to change clothes, wandering, becoming incontinent and aggressive

• becoming unable to look after themselves.  

Sooner or later the forgetfulness of dementia becomes a serious problem. If a person with dementia is taken away from familiar surroundings, on holiday for example, they may start to get lost. It is common to forget what time, day, date, month or year it is, or where they live or where they are now. He or she may lose things, or leave them behind, and may start to believe that someone is stealing their possessions. They may forget to pass on messages, or may repeat them in a rather scrambled way. They may say the same things again and again, because they can't remember what they have just said. As the condition worsens, someone with dementia may get lost in familiar surroundings - even in their own homes. Most distressingly, they may fail to recognise their nearest and dearest. 

Dementia nearly always gets steadily worse. It may take a few months (as in the case of classical CJD) or a few years (as in Alzheimer's starting in a person over-65). It may happen quickly, but more often it is gradual. Sometimes a series of small strokes, one after another, may cause dementia. They produce sudden, small worsenings of the dementia. There may be a period of a year or so between them when there is little change. This type of dementia may run in the family. 

Some people, while they have insight, realise their limitations and adapt to them. They are able to accept that they have to depend more on others, and so can have a say in the arrangements that relatives have to make for them. Others, however, vigorously refuse to admit that there is anything wrong with them - they can be particularly hard to help. 

What causes dementia?

The exact causes of most dementias are unknown, but there are some clues. It may run in families, as Alzheimer's sometimes does. It is very common in sufferers from Down's syndrome. A severe head injury at some point in your life may increase the risk. 

High blood pressure and cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, drinking, and being over-weight may all increase the risk of dementia, because they all cause problems with the blood supply to the brain. One particular type of dementia happens to people with Parkinson's disease. Korsakoff's syndrome is a type of dementia that can happen in younger people. It mainly affects the memory for recent events. This is caused by lack of vitamin B1 (thiamine) and, in the UK, is most often due to drinking too much alcohol. Lastly, there are infections such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome and AIDS. 

Helping yourself

• Take notice - and notes
• Get organised
• Use a diary
• Keep fit
• Regular health checks - don't miss them!
• Use your mind, don't lose it
• Memory aids
• External aids
• Remember - nobody's perfect!

Take notice: You can't remember what you never heard or saw in the first place. So you need to keep yourself alert and make yourself notice the things that you need to. For instance, you may find it helpful to repeat the name of a person you have just met. If you don't want to lose something, tell yourself aloud where you are putting it. 

Taking notes can be useful. Writing down messages will help you to remember. It also gives you something on paper with which to remind yourself. 

Get organised: You are more likely to remember things if you are organised. For instance, if you are tidy, you are more likely to know where you have put things. If you have a regular routine you are more likely to remember what you are supposed to be doing. This doesn't mean that you have to be obsessed with tidiness and routine, but it does mean that you may have to take a bit more time over it to organise yourself. 

Use a diary: If you keep a diary of what you've been doing, you can look up what happened yesterday or last week. If you are busy, you really need to keep an appointments diary - but you do have to remember to look at it! It's particularly embarrassing to have missed something when it was in your diary all the time. 

Keep fit: It's easier to have a healthy mind if you have a healthy body. This means getting regular exercise, eating and drinking moderately, and not smoking. If your eyesight is poor or you are a bit deaf, make sure you have the proper spectacles or hearing aids. This will help you to be aware of what is happening and will help you to hear what other people are saying. It will certainly help you to keep up to date. Try not to use sleeping tablets and tranquillisers - you'll be more alert. 

Regular health checks: Many doctors do regular health checks of their elderly patients every year. These can help you to sort out any problems with your physical health, but can also help to diagnose Alzheimer's early. There are some new treatments which may hold back the disease for a year or so, and they're most likely to be effective if they are used early. If you are depressed, your doctor will be able to start you on antidepressants. Your memory will often improve as your depression lifts. 

Use your mind: If you don't use your body, it weakens. If you stay in bed for weeks, your leg muscles shrink and you are likely to find it difficult to walk. It may be that if you don't use your mind, a similar thing may happen. We know that intelligent, well-educated people seem to experience fewer memory problems as they get older. This may be because they have a better memory in the first place and so take longer to develop problems. It may also be that, being in the habit of using their minds to study, learn and solve problems, they don't 'switch off' after retirement. So hobbies such as quizzes, crosswords, reading, learning passages or poems, and card games, may help to offset the effects of ageing. Endless snoozing, putting your feet up too much, and being a 'couch-potato' may make them worse. 

Reality orientation is a means of helping people with dementia remember where they are, the day, date and time and what is happening. This is done by constantly telling them these things and getting them to repeat what they have been told. It is a bit tedious but, up to a point, it works. 

Mnemonics are tricks to help us memorise particular things. A useful one is '30 days hath September' - for the lengths of the months, or 'Richard of York gained battles in vain' - the first letters of each word standing for the colours of the rainbow from red to violet. 

You can remember a list of objects by placing them, in your imagination, in the rooms of a house - eggs on the front door mat, bacon on the hall table, sausages on a coat hook, butter melting over the radiator, milk dripping down the stairs, tea and coffee in the living-room, soap on the back door step on which someone might slip - absurd or appropriate places can both serve as reminders. On the other hand, it may well be easier just to make a list! 

Mnemonics may help to put a name to a face - e.g. Fred Bloggs the accountant you might imagine being loud - F, red-faced, blowing on his hands as he makes paper logs from old account books to heat his chilly office; Alison Jones, schoolteacher, might be Alice (s) in Wonderland on her own (Jack Jones) in a deserted classroom. Such elaborate tricks often work, but require time and ingenuity. 

External aids: Most of us check what day it is by looking at a calendar or the day's newspaper. We regularly use alarms to wake us, but can also use them to remind you of things to do. We can even use the traditional method of tying a knot in our handkerchief. Leave things you will need to take out by the front door or where you are unlikely to miss them. Put your pills by your toothbrush, this can remind you to take them when you clean your teeth. Pills are now often packaged so that you can check whether you've taken today's or not. 

Nobody's perfect: Most people who think their memory is going have a normal memory that isn't perfect. Younger people will explain their memory lapses saying that they are hung over, in love, too busy or 'scatty' - they won't think they have Alzheimer's disease. If this happens to older people, they tend to think they have dementia, even when they haven't.

Talking therapies explained

Talking therapies can help you work out how to deal with negative thoughts and feelings and make positive changes.

They can help people who are feeling distressed by difficult events in their lives as well as people with a mental health problem.

This information is for anyone who wants to know more about different types of talking therapy or hear the experiences of people who have used them. It advises how to find a therapist who is right for you and suggests where to look for more information.

The information mainly uses the words ‘talking therapy’ and ‘therapist’, although the words that other people use may be different. 

Talking is good for you

Talking about your thoughts and feelings can help you deal with times when you feel troubled about something. If you turn a worry over and over in your mind, the worry can grow.

But talking about it can help you work out what is really bothering you and explore what you could do about it.

Talking is an important part of our relationships. It can strengthen your ties with other people and help you stay in good mental health. And being listened to helps you feel that other people care about you and what you have to say.

What are talking therapies?

We often find it helpful to talk problems through with a friend or family member, but sometimes friends and family cannot help us and we need to talk to a professional therapist.

Talking therapies involve talking to someone who is trained to help you deal with your negative feelings. They can help anyone who is experiencing distress. You do not have to be told by a doctor that you have a mental health problem to be offered or benefit from a talking therapy.

Talking therapies give people the chance to explore their thoughts and feelings and the effect they have on their behaviour and mood. Describing what’s going on in your head and how that makes you feel can help you notice any patterns which it may be helpful to change.

It can help you work out where your negative feelings and ideas come from and why they are there.

Understanding all this can help people make positive changes by thinking or acting differently. Talking therapies can help people to take greater control of their lives and improve their confidence.

There are many different types of talking therapy.

What you told us about talking therapies

“Having someone to talk to who’s not connected to any of it means they can look at things from the outside which helps – you can explore and explain the situation better.”

“A therapist sees and recognises problems and can help you get to the heart of the matter.”

“The therapist was always very positive and tried to help me with positive steps and getting me to recognise what I had achieved in life. I felt less like I was to blame for feeling the way I did.”

Stigma

Lots of people have talking therapies, but you could be forgiven for thinking it’s not very common. People often don’t tell their friends, family or colleagues that they are seeing a therapist.

There’s a stigma attached to mental health problems which means that people feel uncomfortable talking about them. And people having therapy may not want to admit they are getting help.

That may be because they expect other people will think they’re ‘mad’ or tease them about being ‘in therapy’. They may fear it makes them seem weak and unable to sort their problems out for themselves.

But asking for help is not a sign of weakness. It’s part of taking charge of your wellbeing and doing what’s right for you. Even so, it’s still up to you whether you tell anyone you’re seeing a therapist. Your therapist should not tell anyone, either during the therapy or afterwards.

This is very important – any therapist who is listed on one of the registers of approved professionals will stick to this rule.

Different words

This information uses the words ‘talking therapy’ and ‘therapist’.

Talking therapies may also be referred to as:

§ talking treatments

§ counselling

§ psychological therapies or treatments

§ psychotherapies.

These terms can make talking therapies sound like medical procedures, but many people find talking therapies have a very different feel to the treatment you get for physical health problems.

The various terms used to describe talking therapies often mean different things to different people.

Some people use them to describe the level of training of the professional delivering the therapy. But sometimes there is no link between a therapist’s training and the name of the therapy they offer.

There are no set definitions so it’s important to ask about a therapist’s level of training